Waterpipe smoking : construction and validation of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11)

(Disponible en anglais seulement.)

The authors constructed and tested the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11) to examine nicotine dependence related to waterpipe smoking. The four subscales examine: nicotine dependence, negative reinforcement, psychological craving and positive reinforcement. The scale was able to differentiate between mild, moderate and heavy waterpipe users.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701767753

Comment: Perhaps we'll hear more about the LWDS-11 in future studies.